Electro-mechanical counter



Feb. 12, 1957 G, H, LECNARD 2,781,172

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COUNTER Filed Feb. 27, 195s e sheets-sheet 1 eno use

| 'IBBI L soa las 24 L4 1 3 FIG. t |96 lssa zo naz ne 2a a4 FIG. 5

F|G. 3 mvinron GEORGE H. LEONARD Feb. l2, 1957 G. H. LEONARD 2,781,172

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COUNTER Filed Feb. 27, 1953 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG. 9c

@w f A INVENTOR Feb. 12, 1957 ca. H. LEONARD 2,781,172

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COUNTER Filed Feb. 27. 1953 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 Io 2p r'ospso IQ'VII'YIUOW) INVENTOR GEORGE H. LEONARD 6)/ ATTORH Feb. l2, 1957 G. H. LEONARD 2,781,172

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COUNTER 1 Filed Feb. 27, 1953 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 25o as? l 2 FIG. I3

[l ll Il Il ll Il Il Il [l Il Il Il Il l FIG. |30

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FlG. \5 mvENToR GEORGE H. ONARD BY M ATTORN Feb. 12, 1957 G. H. LEONARD 2,781,172

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COUNTER Filed Feb. 2v, 195s s sheets-sheet s FIG. IBC

43s l l l.

F\G, 2Q mvem'on GEOR E H ARD ATTonrEY Feb- 12, 1957 G. H. LEONARD 2,781,172

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COUNTER Filed Feb. 27, 1953 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 434e 374' 432' 4:44a 43s 44s 44o.; am' 372' 438e 442 44s 440e 31o' 372' 374' 456e 442 g m :Y: 4 :l:

44o 432g 454 43s 433 44o 432 434 43s 43a 444 45o 456 1450 FIG. 2m 2 Fue. 2lb

FIG. 24

INVENTOR GEORGE H. AR av ATTORNEY United States Patent O ELECTRO-MECHANICAL COUNTER George H. Leonard, Darien, Conn.

Application February 27, 1953, Serial N o. 339,269

24 Claims. (Cl. 23S-132) This invention concerns improved mechanical counters of the rotatable shaft variety. More specifically this invention concerns counters which are capable of counting at a high rate of speed. Readings may be taken from this novel counter in a highly accurate manner and, in some instances, said readings may be read remotely from the counter or stored for future reference. The various novel means of taking readings provided by this invention may be made to operate fully automatically or semiautomatically. In addition, one species of this invention is pre-settable to count to any given number Within the capacity of the counter.

It is often desirable to count the movements of a device or the number of operations which said device performs. Because of their relative reliability, ruggedness and long life expectancy, mechanical counters are highly desirable for such purposes. However, for most high speed counting applications mechanical counters have been largely ruled out because their structural components are unable to withstand the high rates of speed involved.

Electronic counters have become common for applications involving high speed counting. Such electronic counters have a large capacity and an almost unlimited rate of storage which may be quickly and accurately read or which may be recorded or remembered by the counter. However, electronic counters tend to be rather bulky because of the number of tubes and components required for each operation of the counter. Even very simple counters with a relatively large capacity usually involve several chassis so that the equipment quickly becomes bulky. Furthermore, although electronic equipment has become much more reliable than it use to be, it is still much more subject to failure than relatively simpler mechanical equipment, and t-he repair of said electronic equipment often requires a great deal of time and effort on the part of a skilled tradesman.

The present invention concerns a mechanical counter which, like many other types of mechanical counters, is reliable, rugged, and has a long life expectancy. Said mechanical counter can be made to have an almost unlimited storage capacity. lt is able to operate under eircumstances requiring substraction as well as addition to the count. lt is able to render an accurate count reading quickly, ln addition, it has a higher rate of storage than prior mechanical counters, which high storage rate makes it useful in areas heretofore preempted by electronic counters. Its light weight and simple and compact structure occupies relatively little space compared to an electronic counter.

This novel counter is advantageously driven by the device whose movements are to be counted. For instance, the counter may be gear driven by coupling it to some rotating part of the device. When driven in one direction, the counter adds, and, when driven in the opposite direction, it substracts. The power input drive shaft may be mounted on frictionless bearings so that extremely high rotational speeds, in the order of 10.000 R. P. M. and higher, are permitted. Such a speed will permit the 2,78 1,1 72 Patented Feb. 1 2, 1 957 "ice storage of 1,000,000 units per minute using the preferred form of the counter. The counter has stationary and rotational members between which no permanent contact, other than at the bearings, need be made. And, if such contact is made at other points, it may be of such a nature as neither to impair the potential speed of the counter nor to prevent the reversing of the counter.

A shaft rotatably mounted on a reference frame provides a simple counter. As it rotates, various points on the shaft or its calibration means appear opposite any given point on the stationary frame. lf the shaft is always viewed from the same position on the frame, the shaft, or calibration means mounted on the shaft to rotate with the shaft, may be calibrated so that successive portions of the shaft passing this viewing position represent consecutive numbers. Since the counter is intended to be linear in its operation, whatever means of calibration is employed, the calibrations should be spaced at equal angles of rotation from one another. In order to minimize confusion in reading the calibrations and to limit the amount of the calibration means which can be read, a viewer mechanism is advantageously mounted on the frame in proper position to cooperate with the calibration means on the shaft.

There is a practical limit to the number of units which may be counted by a single shaft, which limit is determined by the number of calibrations which may be conveniently read using a given mechanism in cooperation with a given calibration means. lf greater capacity is required of a counter for a particular application, more than one rotatable counting shaft may be employed. When a plurality of shafts are employed, they may be coupled together, as by gears, to rotate at speeds in a particular ratio. The slower shafts then become storage shafts inasmuch as a part of a revolution of a slower shaft records a full revolution of a faster shaft. Thus, if the faster counting shaft rotates r" times faster than the slower shaft, the slower shaft is able to record r full revolutions of the faster shaft and moves only l/ r revolution in a full revolution of the faster shaft. It is therefore possible to calibrate the slower shaft every l/r revolution to represent number of revolutions from zero to r made by the faster shaft. Successively slower counting shafts may be made to record the number of revolutions made by the next faster counting shaft in a similar manner.

If a single counting shaft or the fastest counting shaft in a multi-shaft counter is to count 11" consecutive numbers in one revolution, the centers of adjacent calibrations will be separated l/rz revolution or 360/n degrees of rotation from one another. It will be appreciated that, 1'1" corresponds to r as previously defined where the two shafts, the speed ratios of which is r:l, are a shaft of the device or one appended to the device the vspeed of which is to be measured and the fastest counting shaft. However, n may be arbitrarily selected for the counter, leaving the mechanic to choose the proper coupling for interconnecting the device and the counter.

Difficulty in reading the calibrations on the counting shafts will be experienced if the viewer mechanisms are mounted in fixed position relative to the frame` If a particular shaft stops so that the center of a calibration is squarely opposite the viewer mechanism, there is no difficulty in reading" the count. Should the calibration means be stopped so that a portion between calibrations is opposite the viewer mechanism, difficulty will be experienced in obtaining an accurate reading.

According to the present invention this difficulty in obtaining an accurate reading is eliminated. With respect to the fastest counting shaft, the difficulty may be resolved in one of two ways. The first method of resolving the problem is to permit the shaft to stop and record in only "n discrete positions corresponding to the positions where the 71" calibrations of said shaft are squarely opposite the viewer mechanism. The second method is to permit the viewer mechanism to be moved into such position for reading the count that the proper calibration on the calibration means is squarely in the view of the viewer mechanism. In order for a reading to be made using this second method, an adjustment of the position of the viewer mechanism relative to the frame must be made. In order to be able to adjust to the priopenposition, the viewer mechanism must be able to move s'uiciently far to be positioned squarely opposite a given calibration in any of its possible positions over l/n revolution. This adjustment may be accomplished by the use of coupling linkage to a cam follower which, when the rotation is stopped, is moved into contact with a cam. This cam is preferably mounted on a shaft, such as an input drive shaft. However, a cam may even be mounted on the very shaft under observation, to some advantage. In any event, the cam must be of such shape that, when the cam follower contacts the cam surface, the viewer mechanism will be caused to occupy a position squarely opposite the proper calibration on the calibration means. The cam must be oriented on its shaft so that the viewer mechanism will always read the proper number over the full l/n revolution of the viewed counting shaft assigned to that number and so that, at the proper point, change-over from one number to the next will take place.

According to the present invention, slower counting shafts are all equipped with viewer mechanisms which are movable relative to the frame at least an amount corresponding to that part of a revolution represented by the distance between the centers of adjacent calibrations. These viewer mechanisms are each, in turn, connected through a linkage system to a cam follower. The cam follower for the viewer mechanism which cooperates with the calibration means on any given counting shaft is designed to cooperate with a cam, preferably on the next faster counting shaft, in the manner previously described. Each cam is properly oriented relative to the calibration means with which the viewer mechanism affected by it cooperates to cause said viewer mechanism to move to a position squarely opposite the proper calibration on said calibration means when its cam follower is brought into reading position against said cam. The cams must all also be properly oriented relative to the calibration means on its same counting shaft so that at "in unison reading change-overs all affected viewer mechanisms will be moved to cause all of said changes in readings of the affected calibration means at the proper time. Thus it is that all the cams and all the calibration means of the counter must be properly oriented relative to one another in order to insure accurate functioning of the counter.

A high degree of accuracy in readings is obtained by referring the viewer mechanism back to a faster counting shaft than the one which mounts the calibration means with which said mechanism cooperates. The cam surface may thus be made longer in proportion to the ratio of speeds of the shafts mounting the calibration means, respectively, than it could be if both cam and calibration means were mounted on the same shaft. Accordingly, a cam mounted on the fast:r shaft is more accurate by the ratio of speeds involved, assuming the same degree of precision is applied to t. e manufacture of the cams for both possible uses.

As the fastest counting shaft turns, every other counting shaft of the counter turns ata speed proportionally slower than the testent counting shaft depending on the coupling ratio betntcri the two shafts. Consequently relatively slow shaits lend to move an angle approaching the order of magnitude ol' error when the fastest shaft moves but one unit. Accordingly inaccurate readings may result, particularly at or near in unison" changeover points, i. e., the points at which cam discontinuities oppose the cam follower. Accuracy is preserved in the present in vention by the use of a double jointed" mounting for the cam followers in those positions beyond that follower which cooperates with the fastest shaft i. e., those cooperating with slower shafts). This double jointed cam follower permits the conventional movement which brings the follower against the cam surface. ln addition, it permits movement ofthe follower in such a direction that it remains squarely opposite a given point on a cam for a distance determined by the distance between discontinuities of the next faster cam. ln other words, this second movement is essentially like that imposed upon the viewer mechanisms to make them follow or move along with a given calibration rather than a given point on a cam; hence, the number of points followed on the cam will be the number of calibrations on the previous shaft. Thus, if a discontinuity is to be passed in changing one unit, a discontinuity must also be passed on the previous faster cam so that in moving from opposite one discrete point on the cam to the next, the discontinuity will be passed and the appropriate change in reading of the calibrations on the relatively slow shaft will take place.

Ease in zero setting adds materially to the practical value of a counter. The present invention may be easily zero set because it lends itself to a variety of methods of realignment of all of the calibration means and all of the cams relative to one another and relative to the frame. Zero setting is merely a process of aligning all of the calibration means and cams into a unique relationship with one another and with the frame. To simplify zero setting, the cams may each be fixed relative to the calibration means on the same shaft. The calibration means may either be fixed to the counting shaft or else be able to be moved relative to the shaft. lf fixed to the shaft, the shafts may be freed from their normal oper ating interconnection means in one way or another to rotate independently of one another so that they may cach be fixed in proper zero position relative to the frame or so that they may be fixed relative to one another and then one or more of them xed relative to thc frame. lf the shafts cannot be freed with respect to one another, calibration means may instead be freed from the shaft in order to be adjusted with respect to one another and the frame as previously described.

In s orne applications it is desirable lo count to a certain pre-established number. A species of the present invention is able to do this. Such a counter involves two initial operations not necessary in the counters previously described, namely, preselection of the number and pre setting ofthe counter so that it will count to said number and stop or signal. Pre-setting, which is akin to zero setting,` 'involves adjustment of each of the calibration means to a position relative to the other calibration means. the cams and the frame, which position represents the number which has been preselected or the complement of said number. Pre-selection usually involves the use of a viewer mechanism which may be pre-arranged to hold the calibration means in its proper position, once said means arrives at said position, to represent the number preselected. If the zero position is used as the standard terminal position, the counter may bc arranged to provide a signal of some sort whenever it reaches zero position. Thus, if the counter is pre-set to the pre-selected number. the counter need merely be run backwards to its zero position in order to count the desired number of unit-` pre-selected. On the other hand. the same result may be accomplished by running the counter forward after pre setting to the complement (the capacity ol the counter minus the pre-selected number).

For a better understanding of the present invention reference ismade to the following drawings:

Fig. l is a plan View from above ol a preferred version of the counter which employs three counting shafts.

Fig. 2 is a side elevational view of the device of Fig. 1

showing, in particular, the viewer mechanisms employed with this counter.

Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the same counter taken along line 3-3 of Fig. l.

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the same counter taken along line 4-4 of Fig. 1.

Fig. 5 is a fragmentary elevation of the same counter from one end.

Fig. 6 is a fragmentary elevation of the same counter from the other end. v

Fig. 7a is a schematic elevational view of a visual reading, speedometer type counter.

Figs. 7b and 7c show selected readings of the counter of Fig. 7a as they would appear respectively with and without the application of a feature of the present invention.

Fig. 8 illustrates schematically in perspective the application of features of the present invention to the structure of Pig. 7a.

Figs. 9a, 9b and 9c show schematically the operation of the cam, cam follower and linkage connections to establish the proper position of a viewer mechanism in a structure of the Figs. 1-6 type.

Figs. 10a and 10b illustrate schematically the action of a further refinement of the present invention as applied to the counter structure of Figs. 1-6.

Figs. 11a and 11b illustrate schematically the relationships of the disk members of calibration means of the type employed in the Fig. l-6 counter construction.

Figs. 12a and 12b show in detail the action of one switch type viewer mechanism employing sensing fingers in combination with calibration means of the type illustrated in Fig. 1lb. 4

Fig. 13 illustrates the fastest counting shaft stage of a multi-shaft counter of the same general type as the counter of Figs. lwith certain major modifications.

Fig. 13a is an inset view of a zero setting stop means which may be employed with the structure of Fig. 13 in operating position.

Fig. 14 is a plan view of a cam member which is employed in the structure'of Pig. 13.

Fig. l5 illustrates in perspective the drum type calibration means employed in the Fig. 13 type counter.

Figs. 16a and lb illustrate a section through one cell of a modified type of viewer mechanism for use with the structure of Fig. 13.

Fig. 17 shows in partial section a view from above the viewer mechanism of Figs. 16a and 16h showing its position relative to the drum calibrationirx'ieaus.L

Figs. 18a, 18h and 18e illustrate, in sectiom'a modified v which would be employed in one possible version of a` pre-set counter.

Figs. 21a and 2lb illustrate schematically a photoelectric system for indicating the zero position of a counter.

Fig. 22 illustrates schematically an alternative system for indicating the zero position of a counter.

Fig. 23 illustrates in elevation a modified form of the discrete position selection means of Fig. l.

Fig. 24 illustrates in partial section av simple two-shaft visual counter which employs a modified form of the present invention.

Figs. l-6 illustrate a preferred formof the invention. The basic parts of any counter of this 'type are the reference vframe and the counting shaft or shafts, which are rotatable relative to the frame. The reference frame in this instance is advantageously composed of six parallel plate members 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30 and a pair of parallel columns, generally designated32 and 34, which columns join the plates. Plates and 26 in this preferred form are essentially square; plates 22 and 24 are of generally similar shape but have large areas cut away to permit passage of structural parts; plates 28 and 30 are advantageously rectangular and have approximately only half the width of plates 20 and 26 in one dimension. As may be seen in Fig. 3, the columns are perpendicular to the plates, through the two adjacent corners of which they pass. As may be seen in Fig. l, column 32 in this structural version is composed of segments 32a, 32b, 32e, 32d and 32e which are connected together by pin members passing through the plates which they space from one another. Column 34 is similarly segmented for the same purpose. All the parts of the frame are joined rigidly together in this manner so that there can be no relative motion between any of them.

Three counting shafts 36, 38 and 40 are rotatably mounted relative to the frame. Since shaft 36 is the highest speedcounting shaft it may be mounted upon plates 20 and 22 using frictionless bearings (i. e. ball bearings) 42 and 44. For most applications shafts 38 and 40 may be mounted in simple journaled bearings, shaft 38 which lies between plates 28 and 24 being mounted upon plates 28 and 24 and shaft 40 which lies between plates 30 and 26 being mounted upon plates 30 and 26.

Intermediate the plates 22 and 28, shaft 36 is gear coupled to shaft 38 in a speed reduction ratio. More specifically shaft 36 is terminated in a small gear 46 which is meshed with a larger gear 48 on another shaft which is rotatably supported on plates 22 and 38, which shaft is a small diameter gear 50 over a large part of its length.

Gear 50 is in turn meshed with larger gear 52 which is gear 54 which is meshed with a larger gear 56 on another viewer' mechanismemployed in this instance advanta-y Y others in the direction of its elongation.

" tions.

shaft (not visible), which is rotatably supported on plates 24 and 30 and which shaft provides a small diameter gear similar to gear 50, over a large part of its length. This small diameter gear is, in turn, meshed with larger gear 58 which is mounted on the end of shaft 40.

Mounted in a fixed position on each of the counting shafts is the calibration means. A plurality of parallel disks coaxially mounted on each of said shafts is employed as calibration means.` The disks on shaft 36 are generally designated 62, those on shaft 38' are generally designated 64, and those on shaft 40 are generally designated 66. 4

A separate viewer mechanism is mounted on the frame for-'cooperation with each calibration means; Each geouslyconsists of a pair of close spaced'parallel sheet metal members which are fixed together and between which are arranged a plurality of flat elongated sensing fingers eachof which is free to move independently of the There are as many sensing fingers as there are disks in the particular calibration means. Eachof the sheet metal members has perpendicular mounting flange so arranged that the flanges lie approximately in afplane but extend in opposite direc- Using these'mounting flanges the viewer medhanisms are so mounted that the sensing fingers extend t0- ward the appropriate'part of the calibration means in a generally radial direction.

More specifically, the viewer mechanism which cooperates with calibration means 62'is composed of parallel sheet members and 72, spaced apart at opposite ends by spacer members 74 and 76 and riveted together through said spacers by rivets 78 and 80. Sensing fingers, generally designated 82, are held between the members 70 and 72 and between spacer members 74 and 76 and operate fixed in position by means offscrews 86 and 88 to elonme member 84 which is xed at its ends to plates i of the reference frame.

ewer mechanism which cooperates with calibrans 64 is composed of parallel sheet metal memtnd 92 spaced apart at opposite ends by spacer 94 and 96 riveted together by rivets 98 and 100. ing fingers are generally designated 102. The :flanges are 90a and 92a respectively, with ange bly mounted by pin means 104 and 106 on fixed l member 84. Thel'pins 104v and 106 permit tt alongjslots 108 and 110 in ange 92a in auch r that movement of the viewer mechanism can a direction generally perpendicular-to the parlbers 90 and 92. i

ewer mechanism which cooperatesl with calibra is 66 iscornposed of parallel sheet members 112 paced apart at opposite ends by spacer members 118 and riveted tOgQthcr byriveta 120 and 122. lng fingers are vgenerally designated 124. The ilanges are 112a and 114:1, respectively, With 4a slidably mounted by pin means 126 and 128 elongated member-84. The pins 126 and 128 ovemen't along slots 130 and 132 in such a manmovement ofthe viewer mechanism can occur lion generally perpendicular to the parallel memtnd 114.V

lent of the sensing lingers toward the calibration each instance is accomplished by the action of pring members, one for each sensing linger,

ings extend through small holesin said sensing a direction generally perpendicular tothe lingers. ps of, springs acting upon the sensing fingers 82 illy designated 136. The groups of springs actthe sensing ,fingers `102 are, generally ,designated e, groups of ,springs acting uponvthe sensing 14 are,generallyAw designated l4Q.-' ;iAll of; these 'e advantagermany4v mounted on a commonbar r idlwhich in this instance extends the length ucture and' which is fixed to one of the large tees of long nari-owplateJ 144 adjacent? one ofedges thereof,.Said'plate 144vrl1ich also exl'msthY of thefframe, is. intern. rotatably mountlates Ztl-arid 26,05 said frame by pin.- means 146 R04 member; tvextends V.time lthe opposite. w @me Sarfwsofmlate ,r44,-.i.le.,A on. thesame. of as conductor: bar 142,@ inked dieretqiby; y of bi'ackets 152 each of which may bdheldin l .WWW 1.54# member. 1.50 Jtlrflpnger 1.44. and ,its extenditlvoushr eartiallr lotain plates-2lljand 261 lheseltalimit .ther L ovf,md 150, ,hence theJQt/ation; of Plate144V r v 1f6-an,d 148. Rotationfof plate 144, andthe alixcd. (to it is conveniently accomplished by 6 (see Fig. 5) which is advantageously coma pieceof sheet metal parallel lto end plate 26 1e 156;: perpendicular thereto. The, handle is *01H1 1.59 audsmadewlatablerelative tothe pin connection 14811)' which it isc-also? connected L44. .Spring 158 connected` betweenrod 150 26. of frame tends to hold platefglmt in the ling position of the counter. ,-Movementof the oppositionrto the spring movesfplate 144 and nbers acting in response to itsmovemcnt-into ingposition. 4 l of each of three lever arms l60, 162 and 164 y connected tolrod member 150. A rod mem- .ne'cted to the other end of each of these lever d member 166 is connected to lever arm 160; erfl68 is connected to lever arm 162; and rod is connected to lever arm 164. These rods se lie generally parallel to rod 150, r 6 has one end connected to plate122 in such a aat it is free to move a limited.amount aboutY tion. lts other end extends through a slot in nd is terminated in a pin 172 of small diameter.

Pin 172 cooperates with gear-like dial disk 174 which is mounted on shaft 36 on the outside of the frame as defined by plate 20 (see Fig. 6). Disk 174 has as many depressions 176 as there are members represented by the various calibrations assigned to shaft 36 relative to the frame. These depressions are barely wider than pin 172 and so arranged that the pin detent cannot enter one of the depressions unless the calibration means on the shaft 36 is squarely opposite its viewer mechanism.

The rods 168 and 170 lie in slots in one end of lever arms 162 and 164, respectively, and in each case the rod is spring connected to the lever arm by springs 178 and 180, respectively. These spring couplings tend to pull the rods downward into nhe slots,- toward the other end of their respective vlever arms. When saidd'ownward movement of the rods is opposed, however,l the rods, in turn, oppose the urging of the springs and yet remain, in their respective slots, Therods 168 and 170 are also fixed to flange members a and 112:1, respectively, by means of ange appendages perpendicular to said rods at opposite edges of said flanges. The ends of rod 163 are connected to lever arms 182 and 184, the ends of which lever arms are, likewise, connected by axle member 186 which axle is rotatably mounted between plates 22 and 24. The ends of rod are connected to lever arms 188 and 190, the ends of` whichI lever arms are, likewise, connected by axle member 192. The axle member 192 in this instance is not connected to the frame but rather to two other members, as will be Ydescribed later. Lever arms 182 and 188 each have free ends which extend beyond rods 168 and 170, respectively, and are terminated in portions 182g end litiavvhich are suitablefor following a Cam follower-182i: cooperates with'a cam 104 and cam follower 183g cooperates with a cam 196 v Y Thecams are-dislol'ike members ina spiral form mount:-A

ed on shftsandd, respectively, perpendicularthereto.y

and parallel tb tlie Icalibration means. Each of these h as astepor discontinuity which ispaligned with the calibration means. faster shaftfisuclectiveto producereadjnstment of the viewer mechanism cooperating with the next slowershait and itscalibraton means at the change-over point corresppnding. to the point at which the faster shaft finishes one complete revolution, e. g., that point at which the calif bration niealns on the same sha,ft with the cam indicates a cliahge hack torzerot y AS'PmiUSlxmnFPmi mounted on plates, 22 and.124th@the trame. However, aile' 122 is irotatably mountedbetwgenparallellevenarms 19'8 and 200 at one end ofieach of 'said .armaffl'he-other endsf lhs arma .12??12114 zllkvelisidlv fixed t0 Opposite ends, o'f axle memhe'r 202 which isrotatably mounted upon and between plates 24 and 26 and perpendicular thereto. Triangular 11141 actually provides-two lever arms which are rigidlyA connected; together at approximately- 90 to one another.

A pin 204 is lixed to lever arm 198 and extends Vlaterally acrossto a groove 206 ingtangle 184,at a position whiclncauses it to provide the shorter `lever arrn. Thus, a rotational movement of theplonger leverarrn of trangleltitl will produce a relatively smaller rotational movement ofthe shorter Ilever arm. j.'

The cam members 194 and 196 bear pins 208 and 210 respectively, each o frwhich extendsin a` direction parallel tothe shafts. A socket `(non shown) 'for receiving pin 208 is formed in gear 52 at, the same distance from the axis of rotation (since shafts 36 and 38 have a common axis of rotation) as*` the p'm`208, Likewise, a socket (not shown) for receivingpin. 210 is formed in gear 58 at the same distance. from they axis oflrotation (since shafts 38 and 40 have arcommonraxis of rotation) as the pin 210. An extension 212 from plate 3010i the frame toward gear 58.4als0 bears a pin 212e designed yto cooperate withl n socket-(not shown.)I onsaid gear 581er receiving it. Thejshafts 36,Y l8-and etllare all designed to move under axialpressure axially toward the plate 26 thereby permitting Thus, the discontinuity in the cam on aY 9 the successive engagement of each of the three pairs of pins and sockets aforementioned. Normally these shafts are held in proper joperating position by spring means urging them axially toward plate 20. The shaft which extends between plates 22 and 28 which mounts gears 48 and 50 may not be movable, but gears 48 and 50 are advantageously coupled together or to the shaft in such a way that they normally rotate together at the same speed but so that, when opposing forces act to drive them in opposing directions, one of them is able to slip relative to the other. Likewise the shaft Awhich extends between plates 24 and 30 and which mounts gear 56 and a second gear which cooperates with gea 58 so that said gear meshing with gear 58 is able to slip relative to gear 56 when opposing forces act to drive these gears on the same shaft in opposite directions.

A plurality of switch contact elements which cooperate with spring members 138 ai'e' provided by relatively rigid metallic strips generally designated 214, which lie parallel to said spring members 138 and each of which has a flange 214a at one end extending toward a spring member 138 (see Fig. 3). Bach of said strips 214 is supported by a flange 214b at its other end which is insulated from plate 144 vby insulator strip 216 and fixed to said plate 144 by insulator bar 218 which in turn is held in place by screws 220. Thus the strips 214 are insulated one from another and may be individually connected to wire members 222. Strips 224 which cooperate with spring members 136 are mounted similarly to strips 214.:l Likewise, strips 226 which cooperate with spring members 140 are mounted similarly to strips 124. j

In order for the counter to be most effective, it should be zero set before eounting.` Ifhatishthe position of the calibration means relative to their respective viewer mechanisms on all shafts must beisuc'hthat their collective reading is zero. This is simply accomplished in structures of the Figs. 1 6 type by takingadvantage of the ability of the shafts to move in a direction along their common axis toward 'plate 26 arid out 'fitheir operating positions as illustrated in Figs. l and 2... Such movement of shaft 36 causes the advance of cam v194 and pin 208 which it urges toward gear 52. Rotation of' shaft 36 while the axial pressure thereon ismaintained will cause pin 208 to find its socket in gear 52 thereby arranging calibration means 62 and 64 on shafts 36 and 38' in the proper positions relative to one anotherfor ultimate zero adjustment. The axial advance of shaft 3 8then causes the advance of cam 196 so that pin 210 isv urged toward gear 58. Rotation of shaft 38, due to rotationof shaft 36 to which it is coupled, while axial pressure isymaintained, will cause pin 210 to lnd its socket in gear 52 thereby arranging calibration means 62, 64 and 66 onshafts 36, 38 and 40 in their proper positions relative to one another for ultimate zero adjustment. With the calibration means on all the shafts thus properly arranged relative to one another, there only remains the proper arrangement of the calibration means relative to the frame. Proper zero arrangement relative tofthe frame is permitted by axial movement of shaft 40 and gear 58 mounted thereon together with rotation 4of gear 58 until pin 212a is able to lnd its socket in gear 58 completingn the zero adjustment. Once the zero adjustment is complete the pin and socket couplings may be broken and the shafts moved axially back to their original positions, being careful to avoid any rotational movement in the process.

In its preferred form, the counter of Figs. l-6 has a capacity of 1,000,000 units. This capacity is achieved by coupling together the counting shafts with successive 100:1 reductions in speed. The fastest shaft 36 is calibrated to represent 100 units by placing calibrations V100 of a revolution apart on the calibration means. Thus the fastest shaft records from to 99 and provides the units and tens digits of the counter reading.

With the 100:1 speed reduction between shaft 36 and shaft 38, shaft 38 will make 171100 of a revolution for each full revolution of shaft 38.`` Thus, V100 of a revolution of shaft 38 is equivalent to 100 units. Accordingly shaft 38 is calibrated so that, in a full revolution of shaft 38, it will register from 00 to 99 hundreds of units or the hundreds and thousands digits of the counter reading.

The :1 speed reduction between shaft 38 and shaft 40 means that loo 0f a revolution of shaft 40 is equivalent to 10,000 units. Accordingly, the shaft 40 is calibrated so that in a full revolution of shaft 40, it will register from 00 to 99 ten thousands of units or the ten thousands and hundred thousands digits of the counter reading.

It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to a counter having a capacity of 1,000,000 units. Additional counting shafts having speed reductions of 100:1 from the immediately faster shaft may be employed to increase the capacity. It is not advisable to increase the capacity by increasing the number of calibrations per shaft to 1000 and employing I000:1 speed reduction between shafts because ]ooo of a revolution too closely approaches the order of magnitude of the mechanical error of the system due to normal machining tolerances and allowable clearances of cooperating parts. For oonvenience in reading the counter it is advisable to employ only an integral power of ten as the number of calibration units to be employed with a given shaft, including those shafts Whose calibration units ane determined by their speed reduction ratio with respect to one.V However, the present invention is not confined to a decimal system of calibration. In fact, the invention is applicable no matter how many unit calibrations are employed per shaft.

ln order to present a graphic and simple illustration of the application of the present invention and in order to facilitate the understanding of the principle of operation of its preferred form, a visual type counter which may be adapted to employ some of the features of' the present invention will be described before the operation of the preferred form of the invention is described.

The odometer dial-type counter illustrated in Fig. 7al

is a smooth running visually read-counter of the type employed by the present invention, which counter employs shafts which move relative to one another -at fixed speeds. The arrangement of Fig. 7a is a mirror image of the arrangement of the Fig. l arrangement. This visual type counter is arranged with the fastest shaft to the right `so that any number represented visually by said counter may be directly read by successively reading the digits from left -to right. 4 l

The visually read counter of Fig. 'hzA is perhaps the simplest type of counter to which my invention is applicable. Although Fig. 7a is largely schematic in its representation of a counter, if the countingshafts 36', 38' and 40 and small gear shafts 37 and 39 were rotatably mounted on a frame, the basic counting operation of this structure would be quite similar to that of the Fig. 1 structure. In this case a speed reduction of 10:1 is obtained from gear 46' to gear 48 and an additional speed reduction of 10:1 is obtained from gear 50' to gear 52'. Thus a speed reduction of 100:1 is obtained from shaft 36' to shaft 38. Likewise a speed reduction of 10:1 is obtained from gear 54' to gear 56 and an additional speed reduction of 10:1 is obtained from gear 57 to gear 58'. Thus a speed reduction of 100:1 is obtained between shafts 38' and 40. l

The calibration means 62', 64 and 66' on cach of the shafts 36', 38' and 40' respectively is a type suitable for visual reading. More specifically, it is a narrow cylindrical dial arranged coaxially with the particular shaft to which it is rigidly attached. Each dial is calibrated with 100 consecutive numbers from 00 to 99 which are marked thereon at equal intervals. In order to read the number represented by a given combination of positions of the shafts, the positions of the shafts, `or more specifically, of their calibration means, relative to some reference point or viewer mechanism on the frame must be consulted. lt is convenient in this case to provide a simple viewer mechanism by means ofv rectangular windows in shallow cylindrical can-like housings 82", 102 and 124' which areiixed relative to the frame so thatthey do not rotate with the shaft. The numbers on` the dial may be seen through the window. The size of the numbers on each of the dials and the size of the window in each of the viewer mechanisms has been exaggerated for the sake of clarity.

Reading a number on the dials through the window of the viewer mechanism is diliioult in most cases because the pair of digits represented by a particular position of a given shaft does not line up squarely with the window, i. e., part of another number shares the window. The confusion of this situation may be seen in the reading appearing on. the dial of. Fig. 7a which should properly indicate 707, 525.

Pig. 7b shows how confusion. can result with the counting shafts of Fig. 7a in three different positions indicated by A, B, and C to represent the numbers 000050; 005050; and 999999 respectively. Fig. 7c shows. how the application of `my invention to the structure of Fig. 7a will permit `accurate reading. of the number represented. As isindicated schematically, the viewer mechanisms, including the windows 62', ,-64 and 66', are moved to positions'squarely opposite the proper calibrations for reading the counter.

Fig. 8 lshows in perspective, schematically, the system of Figtv'in withM elements of the present invention added. The. parts similar to those of Fig. 'la are indicated by the same number with an added prime. The viewer mechanism 82'? is fixed relative to the frame, but each of the viewer mechanisms 102" and 124" is permitted sucient movement tio permit it to be moved squarely opposite a calibration` over the entire range. of positions occupied by Y that' particular calibration while it; represents the proper reading of the counter. That fractional part of a revoluti'oii between calibrations or its equivalent must then be the range ooveredlby the viewer mechanism. When a reading is; to betakem. shaft 36"f is stopped at one of 100V `discrete positions at which the calibration is squarely opposite the 4viewer'by thezcooperation of gearlike dial disk 114' and detent member 1.72' at the end of arm 166'. Dislt 174'. and detent172' are made so that ythey willI not .properly cooperate unless the calibration on diaf 62 is squarely in. view. .i whenV thus stopped,4 cam follower 182e at the end ofn lt-ver` am 182 is broughtto bear upon the spiral edge of disk-like cam memberl194-' which is also mounted on` shaft 36". This cam surface is so arranged as to cause viewer mechanism 102", which is connected to lever arm 182' by linkage arm 90a', tosq'uarely find the proper. calibration by virtueof its lproper'frelationship. with the calibration means of shaft 36'. antfcam 194'...l In a similar manner, cam follower 188i(v at the end of lever arm 188' is broughtvto bear upon the spiral edge of disk-like cam member .196 which is mounted on shaft 38". This cam surface isv also arranged to cause its cooperating viewermechanism- 124", which is connected t'o lever arm 188'7by linkage arm 1142a', to squarelylnd the proper calibration by virtue of its proper relationship with the calibration means of shaft 38" and cam 196. Itis inherent in this type counter that the shafts, and hence their calibration means, bear a relationship to one another such that, for every number represented by the counter, there is but one discrete positiony of each calibration means relative to the frame and the other shafts and calibrationl means. Furthermore, the proper relationship of a cam on a faster shaft relative to a calibration means on a slower shaft makes it requisite that the cam's cam follower be opposite the step or discontinuity in' said cam at the exact changeover point from one calibration to the next on the calibration means being viewed by the: affected viewer mechanism. When' this relationship exists, the cam is positioned so that it determines the proper position of the viewer mechanism which reads the calibration on the slower shaft in. yterms ofthe position of the calibration means onthe faster counting shaft. Thus it is that all of the cams, aswell as all of the calibration means, must be relatively oriented so that the calibration means are in their correct relative positions and so that each viewer mechanism will be at all times squarely opposite the proper calibration on the calibration means with which it cooperates.

As a practical matter, with a true spiral cam, the rate of movement of the viewer will differ slightly at different positions of .the mechanism due to the nature of the coupling between the cam follower and the viewer mechanism. AIf it should become necessary to have a uniform rate, the shape of the cam may be modified.

The operation of the preferred counter of. Figs. 1-6 is basically quite similar to the operation of. the counter of Figs. 7a and 8. The coupling to thedevice producing rotation of the counter is not shown. However, in counting, the shaft 36 is preferably the driven. shaft which is positively coupled to the other counting shafts 38 and 40 to produce their rotation in a manner previously described. While thecounter is counting, other than at the bearings, no contact is made between the rotating members, including the counting shafts, their calibration means and theassociated cams and the frame members, including the frame itself, the viewer mechanism, the cam followers and associated linkages.

The calibration4 means and cam member on. each shaft are fixed relative to one another and to the shafts. The shafts are positively coupled together so that there is a positive interrelationship between shafts which insures that the combination of positions of the various calibration means and cam, which combination representsA any given number, will always be the same. While the.

counter is counting it may be monitored, as by a photo-,L

electric system, in order to obtain a running count. However, in order for an accurate count reading to be matie.I

in the intended manner the rotation of the counting shafts must stop. In making a count reading, the lever armhndle 15 which is illustrated in Fig..5, is pressed inward towardA the counter in opposition -to spring 158. What happens when the handle is pressed in this manner may be. seen in. part by reference to Figs. 9a, 9b and 9c which are.

essentially the view of Fig. 3 with much of the detailremoved.

Referring :o Figs.' 9a, 9b, and 9c, the anion of the.

the cam follower, 4the viewer mechanismv and the associated linkages is illustrated. These guresare schematic in that they show only those parts of the apparatus which have application to the interrelationship of the calibration means `and the viewer mechanism. Movement of 60. Spring 178 urges rod 168 to the bottom of the slot in the other end of lever 162V no matter what the position said lever assumes. 162 tends to pull rod' 168 downward. Rod 168`is aiixed to lever arm 182 and to the appendagesV of flange 90a of the viewer mechanism so that these members also tend to be moved downward. Thus, with pressure exerted on lever 156, the lever 162 acts to pull rod 168, together with the viewer mechanism -92 and lever arm 182, to the position of Figs. 9b and 9c. How far d'own rod 168 and the viewer mechanism can be moved is determined by cam follower 182e which stops the downward movement of these members when it comes into contact with cam 194 on shaft 46. The lever 182 which is terminated in cam follower 182a pivots about its pivoted connections tothe frame supplied by axle 136. Because Hence the downward movement of lever 13 of the position of shaft 36 and its calibration means and hence cam 194, which is aligned with the calibration means in Fig. 9b, the viewer mechanism is positioned near the upper end of its reading range. In such a position, rod 168 is held almost a maximum possible distance away from the bottom of the slot in the end of lever arm 162 despite the urging of spring 178 tending to pull rod 168 to the bottom of the slot. In Fig. 9c, however, the viewer is at or near its lowest reading position, just after a number change-over. The viewer mechanism is capable of vertical movement to properly adjust its position relative to the calibration means due to its slidable mounting on frame member 84, The viewer mechanism is fixed to the frame by pins like pin 104, which ride in slots in flange 92a in order to permit vertical movement of the viewer to follow the calibrations on shaft 38. Since the arc for $500 revolution at the radius of the viewer mechanism differs only slightly from a straight line, vertical movement of the sort described is adequate. Thus the cam adjustment of the viewer mechanism is essentially the same as that in Fig. 8. The cam is so oriented as to keep the viewer mechanism squarely opposite the proper calibration at all times.

Lever 160 is also attached to rod 150 so that the operations of handle 156 will also cause downward movement of said lever. Lever 160, because of its direct connection to rod 166 at its opposite end, tends to pull rod 166 downward about its pivot support at one end so that detent pin 172 at its other end is brought into engagement with the edge of disk 174 (see Fig. 6). Handle 156 cannot be completely closed, and hence a reading cannot be taken, unless pin 172 enters one of the depressions 176 in the edge of disk 174. The system may be arranged so that it will rotate backward or forward a small angle to the nearest position where a depression will receive the pin. When pin 172 is received in a depression, a calibration on the calibration means 62 on counting shaft 36 will be squarely opposite viewer mechanism 70-72. Thus one. possible means of obtaining accurate readings of the calibration means of counting shaft 36 is to stop said shaft only when a calibration is squarely opposite the viewer mechanism, using only as many discrete stopping positions as there are calibrations on the shaft.

Lever 164 is also attached to rod 150 so that the operation of handle 156 will cause its downward movement. The downward movement of lever 164 will also tend to produce downward movement of rod 170 with the result that cam follower 188a will contact cam 196. After follower 188a contacts cam 196, rod 170 can move no further despite the urging of spring 180 as lever 164 continues its downward movement. Accordingly, the position of viewer mechanism 112-114 is determined in this manner.

It should be noted in connection with the action of the cams 194 and 196 that they produce a range of heights of the cam followers 182:1 and 188a respectively which will assure that the proper viewer mechanism squarely opposesl the proper calibration over the full range of positions of that calibration while it represents the proper reading. At the change-over point for the calibrations, the change takes place at exactly the right time. For example, since the shaft has 100 calibrations representing 100 units and, since it stops at only 100 discrete angular positions relative to the frame, when counting shaft 36 is in the position representing the number 99 the viewer mechanism 90-92 is at the top of its range squarely opposite its proper calibration on shaft 38. Within the span of 1/100 revolution of shaft 36 between the positions of shaft 36 representing the consecutive numbers 99 and 100, the shoulder or discontinuity of cam 194 is passed. Thus, when the cam follower is brought to bear against cam 194 in the 00 position of shaft 36, the viewer mechanism 9092 will be lower than its position with number 99 by an amount which is the equivalent of 1/100 revolution of shaft 38 so that it is squarely opposite the calibration on shaft 38 occurring next after the one which had been read when shaft 36 was in the 99 position.

If the number were changing from 9999 to 10000, cam 194 on shaft 36 would move 1/100 of Va revolution, but cam 196 on shaft 38 would move only V1000() revolution. Even though cam 196 had been aligned with the calibration means on shafts 38 and 40 with extreme precision, the lost motion in the gear system or other conditions produced by clearances and tolerances might produce suicient error in the position of the shaft 40 relative to the cam 196 to prevent the change-over from occurring were cam follower 184a to be mounted and to operate like cam follower 182. Accordingly, this invention has provided means for solving this problem whereby the movement of follower 188a is referred back to the movement of follower 1820. As a result of referring back to the previous cam and follower, a type of movement, similar to that imposed on viewer mechanisms. is employed. Instead of assuming a position squarely opposite a given point or calibration on the calibration means, however, the cam follower 188:: assumes a position squarely opposite a given point on the cam 196. By this arrangement the cam follower is made to squarely oppose one of 100 discrete positions on cam 196 for a full revolution of counting shaft 38. In order to be able to follow" a given point on the cam as well as to be brought into Contact with the cam 196, the follower 188a must have two degrees of movement. These two degrees of movement are made possible by the double jointed" mounting of lever 188. Lever 188 is rotatably connected to lever 198 through axle 192. Lever 198 is, in turn, rotatably connected to the frame plate 24 through axle 202. As shown, lever 188 effectively has a horizontal movement, representing a small arc of rotation of lever 198 about axle 202, superimposed upon its normal essentially vertical movement. The mechanism producing the horizontal movement of follower 188a is not unlike the linkage systems producing movement of viewer mechanism. The linkage in this instance, consists primarily of triangular crank 184 which provides a larger lever arm and a shorter lever arm arranged at an angle of approximately to one another. The longer lever arm parallels lever 182 and, because it is fixed relative to lever 182 by rod 168 and axle 186, said longer arm moves in synchronism with lever 182. The shorter lever arm is connected by pin 202 to lever 198 which it generally parallels. The effect of pin connection 202 is to cause cam follower 188a to be moved horizontally to oppose lthe same discrete point on the cam for one full revolution of shaft 38 or 1/100 revolution of shaft 40. When follower 182a reaches the discontinuity in cam 194, the drop or change-over which occurs causes cam follower 188a to move A00 revolution to its next point. If the count changes from a number ending with the digits 9999 to a number ending 0000, the movement of follower 188a wil cause it to pass the discontinuity in cam 196, provided, of course, that the cams having been properly arranged with respect to one another.

Any number of additional slower counting shaft stages may be employed with the same high degree of accuracy despite lost motion and other errors by using this double jointed type of structure. ln each case the movement of the viewer mechanism on the added counting shaft depends upon the action of a cam follower cooperating with a cam on the next faster shaft. The movement of 4the cam follower because of its double jointed mounting is referred back to previous cam follower which cooperates with a cam on the shaft two stages back from the shaft on which calibration means to be viewed by the affected viewer mechanism is mounted. Thus the system is essentially the same as that described above and operates in essentially the same manner.

The calibration means in the Figs. l-3 preferred type of structure are advantageously composed of a plurality of parallel disks. These disks are advantageously axed perpendicular tol a piece of tubing which snugly fits the counting shaft involved. One end of the tubular member is advantageously terminated in a bushing having thicker walls than the tube. A set screw may extend through the bushing to engage the shaft, thereby holding the whole calibration means assembly in a fixed place on said shaft. All of the assemblies in Fig. 1 are made in this manner. The calibration means generally designated 64 may be considered for example. Therein the disks 230 are coaxially affixed perpendicular to tubular member 232 which terminates in bushing 234. Radial set screw 236 penetrates the bushing 234 to fix the assembly to shaft 38.

One method of Calibrating the disks 230 is shown in Figs. 11a and 11b. This method involves making a plurality of -teeth in the periphery of each disk, thereby forming peaks and valleys along said periphery. Viewing then involves seeing a combination of peaks and valleys of the calibration means along a line parallel t0 the axis of rotation of the shaft. Every such possible combination can represent only one number.

Because a binary type code is applied to the disks, only eight disks, here lettered A-H, are required to represent 100 numbers when mounted on the shaft as shown in Fig. llb so that the relative positions of the peaks and valleys along their edges correspond to the arrangement in Fig. lla. The system of Fig. lla may be said to employ four disks (A, B, C and D) for the units digit and four more (E, F, G and H) for the tens digit. Thus, it is possible to use the same pattern for the tens digit as for the units digit where the units digit repeats the pattern ll) times to every one time by the tens digit. The following table shows the different combinations which represent the digits 0-9 in the patterned arrangements of disks A, B, C and D, and also disks E, F, G and H, in Fig. lla:

Caltbration opposite viewer mechanism Units or tens dtglt AorE BorF CorG Other systems employing codes other than a binary code are also possible, but they may well require many more than four disks per digit.

Figs 12a and 12b show a viewer mechanism similar to those of Fig. l. This type of mechanism records the calibration pattern which it sees" opposite it on the disks. Actually the viewing is done by touch in this instance. The viewer mechanism consists of a pair of parallel plates 90' and 92' which are held together by rivets 100' or like means. Between the plates 90 and 92' are a number of linger members 102 corresponding to the number of disk members 230' employed. These finger members 102' are advantageously flat. essentially radially positioned strips of dielectric material arranged parallel to the plates 90' and 92' with elements of their longest dimension parallel to the plane ol the disks. One end of each finger is able to make contact with the edge of a disk 230' and is suliciently thinner than the smallest valley to fit therein without difficulty. ln the Figs. 12a and l2!) structure. the linger members 102' are urged toward the disks by rotation of bar 142' about an axis through pin 148' rotatably mounting said bar to the frame. This rotational movement causes rod-like metallic springs 138', which are fixed to bar |42' and which pass through dielectric tinger 102', to bear against said lingers and urges them toward the disk 230'. If the finger contacts the disk at a peak as is shown in Fig. 12b, the spring member is bowed away from contact member 214' which is mounted on insulation member 218 and hence out of contact with conductor 142. On the other hand, if the finger contacts the disk in a valley, the spring member is not bowed because it can urge the dielectric nger into the valley sufficiently far to permit it to remain straight. Thus contact with member 136 is maintained and may be recorded remotely from the counter because of conductor connections 222' and 240. Arm member 162 is connected between the rotatably mounted members and ange 92a' of the viewer mechanism and tends to move said mechanism downward. Flange a" of the viewer mechanism is connected by rod 168' to a lever arm following a cam as previously described and hence is retarded from downward movement in accordance with the cam position. A slotted connection between arm 162 and the viewer mechanism allows for the dif ferent positions of the cam, and a spring member 178 tends to urge the viewer to the lowest position possible in opposition to the cam action.

In the structure of Figs. 1-3, especially as seen in Fig. 3, the viewer mechanisms are similar to those of Figs. 12a and 12b. For example, dielectric finger members such as 102 are held between parallel plates 90 and 92 which plates are fixed together at their ends by rivets 98 and 100. The force provided by spring members 138 to move the fingers 102 is much the same with the corresponding members of Figs. 12a and 12b. The same thing is true of the action between spring members 138 and contacts 214 which are, however, diiferently insulated as previously described. Lever arm 162 in the preferred version is, of course, connected to rod member 168 instead of to flange 92a, and the spring 178 is accordingly connected between said rod and said lever arm. The slot permitting different positions of the viewer mechanism relative to the lever arm 162 is in the arm instead of in the flange of the viewer mechanism as in Fig. 12a.

It is, of course, essential to accurate readings that the viewer mechanism assume its proper reading positions before its sensing fingers come in contact with the calibration means. Thus the sequence of action as handle 156 is closed must be, first, for the cam followers 182a and 184a and detent 172 to iind their positions on cams 194 and 196 and disk 174, thus determining the position of the viewer mechanism, and, then, for the spring members 136, 138 and 140 to cause sensing ngers 82, 102 and 124 to contact calibration means. Rotation of mounting plate 144 and conductor bar 142 is limited so that when the handle 156 is fully closed, if a valley is opposite a sensing finger, the spring member will force said nger to its bottom, at which point said spring 136, 138 or 140 will touch contact 224, 214 or 226, respectively. On the other hand, if a peak is opposite the linger, the spring member will not be able to drive the finger to the position where the spring closes the contact, and the switch will be open. Leads 222 from each switch and a common lead from the bar conductor 142 may be connected to means which will record the signal.

Although the camandfollower viewer adjustment system of the Figs. 1 3 construction can be applied to a visual system, it is preferred in the system described because it lends itself to direct permanent recording. The visual type counter requires observation by a person right at the counter whereas the switch type viewer mecha nism produces signals which may be observed remotely from the counter, which may be stored and later observed andor which may actuate some other mechanism to perform a function that a visual observer might per form after observing the reading on the visual counter. lt is contemplated, for instance, that handle 156 may be automatically closed upon stopping the counter so that a fully automatic counting record may be obtained without an attendant should it be desirable to take a series of counts.

Many modifications of the viewer mechanism, calibration means and zero setting arrangement are possible. It is also possible to employ a cam adjusted viewer mechanism in conjunction with the counters fastest counting shaft. The structure of Fig. 13 illustrates some modifications to the structure of Pigs. 1 6. Since the overall principles applicable are the same, only the fastest shaft stage of such a modified structure is shown, other stages thereof bearing a similar relationship to the first stage as corresponding stages in Figs. 1-6 bear to their first or fastest shaft stage.

In Fig. 13 the fastest counting shaft and associated mechanism for a modied counter structure is illustrated in section. The frame, like that of the Figs. 1-6 construction, is composed of parallel plates 250, 252, and 254 etc., joined together by segments of column members 256 and 258. Despite similarity in function and in major structural features certain design differences in the structure of the frame will become apparent. In addition, in connection with Fig. 19, certain other differences in structure will be seen. In this case, for instance, the first counting shaft 260 is not also the counters drive shaft. The counters drive shaft is instead shaft 262. Shaft 262 is advantageously mounted for high speed rotation relative to the frame in the ball bearing assembly generally designated 264 which assembly may be of any conventional construction and by which assembly the drive shaft 262 is wholly supported. Shaft 260 is also advantageously ball bearing mounted near its opposite ends in bearing assemblies respectively generally designated 266 and 268. Gears 270 and 272 are mounted on shafts with a :1 ratio so that the speed of shaft 260 is one tenth the speed of shaft 262. Shaft 260 is coupled to shaft 274 between plates 252 and 254 by gear connection through gears 276, 278, 280 and 282. A speed reduction of 10:1 is accomplished by gears 276 and 278 from shaft 260 to shaft 284, which gear shaft is mounted in plain journaled bearings in plates 252 and 254. Another 10:1 speed reduction by gears 280 and 282 from shaft 284 to counting shaft 274 causes counting shaft 274 to turn V100 revolution for every revolution of counting shaft 260. This second stage of the counter involving the counting shaft 274 is similar to the stage of shaft 260 without the inclusion of the input shaft 262 and thc coupling connection thereto. Accordingly, this second counting shaft stage and additional possible stages of the counter are not shown in order to avoid repetition, particularly since their operation is essentially like the corresponding stages in the counter of Fig. l.

The calibration means in this instance is a drum 286 which is also shown in perspective in Fig. l5. The drum 286 in this instance is shown as a hollow tubular member having one end closed with a planar wall 286e. The wall 286a is equipped with a bushing 288 which supports the wall 286e and the drum on the shaft, but which is not fixed to the shaft. To prevent relative rotational move ment between shaft 260 and drum 286, wall 286a is held against frictonal surface of disk 290. Disk 290, which is shown separate but which may be cast as part of gear member 272, is fixed relative to the shaft and to said gear 272. Spring 292 extends between bushing 288 and ring 294 which bears against bearing structure 268 or some other member allixed to wall 252. Thus the drum 286 may be moved axially against the pressure of spring 292. The shaft 260 and other counting shafts in this version of the invention have no axial motion.

The drum is disengaged from friction clutch member 290 by exerting axial pressure opposing the spring 292 upon the drum 286. Such axial pressure may be applied from one end of the counter to all of the drum calibration means on each of the counting shafts by means of shaft 296. The axial force on the shaft 296 is transinittd through bevel gear 298 to bevel gear 300 on the drum. Gear 298 is not fixed to shaft 296 but is held in place relative to the shaft by the pressure of spring 302 which bears against gear member 298 at one end and against disk-like stop member 303 which is fixed to the shaft at its other end. Because drum 286 is free to rotate relative to shaft 260 once disengaged from the frictional surface of disk 290, the meshed teeth of gears 298 and 300 may be used to rotate the drum to any desired angular position relative to the frame or relative to a viewer mechanism without regard to the angular position of shaft 260. This movement effectively recalibrate's the shafts without disengaging the gears (or other coupling means) between the counting shafts. It is of great advantage to zero-set the shafts by recalibration of this sort. Accurate zero setting may be done by mounting on the end 286a of drum 286 (and on the corresponding ends of drums in other stages) a short dowel or stub 304. This stub is in a position to contact a member 306 which is fixed against rotation relative to the frame but is able to be moved into the path of the stub when the shaft 296 is so moved axially that gears 298 and 300 engage. The stub is positioned so that upon the sttxbs contact with member 306, the drum 286 'will be in zero position relative to the frame. The member to be moved into the path of the stub 306 is, in this instance, a sheet metal member having rolled edges to form tubular supports which accommodate shaft 296 and rod 307. Rod 307 is parallel to shaft 296 and fixed to end plate 250. Said sheet metal member is normally out of the way but is automatically moved into the way of stub 304 in the zero setting process because of its position between disks 303 and 305 which are fixed to shaft 296. Once stub 304 contacts member 306, the drum is no longer free to rotate and further rotation of shaft 296 will produce rotational slipping between it and gear 298. Thus, it is possible to use shaft 296 in recalibrating all of the counting shafts to a zero set position. However, each stage must be similar to the stage involving shaft 260 at least to the extent that once the zero position of any calibration drum is obtained, the gear corresponding to gear 198 is free to stop its rotation while the shaft 296 continues to be rotated. Shaft 296 may thus be rotated until each drum calibration means is in zero set position, and the reading of the counter is accordingly zero.

The zero setting mechanism may be widely varied and entirely different components from those illustrated may be employed. In any zero setting system which involves movement of calibration means, however, corresponding movement of the cams must accompany adjustment of the calibration means. The position of each cam must always bear the same relationship to the position of the calibration means. This may be accomplished by making the cam which rotates at the same speed as a particalar calibration means an integral part of said calibra tion means. This has been done with cam 334 by casting it as part of drum 286 in the structure of Figs. 13 and l5.

Because all of the cams and calibration means in a counter of the present invention must maintain a certain phasing or position relationship with one another, the cam 332 cannot be neglected when all of the other cams and calibration means arc being zero set. For this reason cam' 332 is gear coupled to drum 286 in such a manner that, even when drum 286 is free to rotate independently of shaft 260, said drum is still coupled to cam 332. This coupling is' advantageously accomplished by use of a shaft 329 which is mounted to rotate in ball bearing assembly 329a mounted in end plate 250 of the frame at one end and terminated in bevel gear 331 at its other end. Bevel gear 331 cooperates with bevel gear 300 on drum 286 at all times under the urging of spring 333 upon disk 335 on said shaft 329. Gear 337, which is also mounted on the shaft 329, cooperates in turn with gear 339 which is advantageously permanently axed to cam 332.v Cam 332 and gear 339 are free to rotate relative to shaft 3,29- and rotatel at all times at one tenth the speed of drum 286'due tothe gear ratios involved at gearsilltlY and 331 and at gears=337 and 339, which may be 100:1 andY 1:10 respectively. Byyirtue of its coupling to jthe drum in this manner cam 3,32 rotates in the same directionas Vcam $334, thereby keeping simple the linkage system connecting the cam follower which cooperates with cam 332 and the viewer mechanism cooperatingwithdrum 286,

. In order to illustrate another system of coding as well asanother methodtof calibrating'a shaft, a decimal system rather than a binary system has been shown. In thisyersion of .the decimal system, there are ten columns 'ofi holes, corresponding. ,to ten parallel disks, for each digit; Thus,for a two digit number there are twenty columns of.holes withetwenty cooperating finger members.` The tenv columns ofil holes representing units digits are labeled with the small=letters a, b; c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, for the numbers -9 respectively. The ten columns ot' .tens digits are labeled to correspond to the labeling of the: units digits except that the small letter designations are primed. in this. instance. Since there, are tencolumns ofholesand ten corresponding sensing linger switches for .eachh digit, `e'ach number from0-9v has a separate column .and :separate switch; Y In each row, a hole need occur only fthrough 'the particular angular segment where the numzber represented by that column andswitch is the proper digit. As may be seen in Fig. 15, in the case of representingl numbers from'zero to 99,-' each of the numbers represe'nting the tens digits requires only one hole but that hole is tentimes as long as a hole representing a units digit. A11 10 unitsdigits holes vare repeated opposite each tens digit -hole so that each column of unit digits consists of equally spaced holes or perforations of short length.

Holes' in the drum 286 correspond to valleys on the periphery of@ the disks ofythe previously described calibration means except that with the drum the linger sensing mechanism is limited as to how deep it may penetra'tei the drum4 only by the construction of the mecha? nism accompanyingthe linger. That the general switch action remains unchanged may be seen lby reference to Pigs.' 16a and lhwhiclishow the open and closed posirtions of fthe switch 'members when the viewing mechanism has been moved intol readingfposition. `For pur,- offcompiarisdn withlthe disk type structure the pattern' offholes 'in'tthe'su'rface of drum 286' is modified .'nlFigs'. l'z'and l6bfrom;the pattern of Fig. 15 to show -acolumntofiholesY at-equal intervals so that if this is the .rstcolum'n ,of holes', itcorresponds. to the trst disk of :thezunits digit sectioniot `the calibration means. It is :possible tovuse -columnsfoffholes in drum structures in patterns corresponding to' the binary code previously de- Its yetectupon theI switch mechanism is the Sampras the 'effect of-disk A upon the comparable switch nuechanisltrinV Figs. 12a `and 12b; However, because holes are' used in the calibration means and the sensing linger 308 -rnust correspond to the shape of holes, it is `:accordingly most convenient in this instance to employ rods 308 of circular cross section as sensing finger members instead of tlat strips of the Figs. l-3 and Figs. 12a and 12b structures. Instead of parallel plates the viewer mechanism 310 comprises a plurality of tubular housings closed at both ends by parallel walls. These walls support sensing finger 308 which passes through aligned holes at the centers of said walls. A piston member 312 lies within the housing 310, is supported upon the internal cylindrical walls 310a of housing 310 and is attached to rod 308. A light spring 314 is employed between piston 312 and front wall 310e of the viewer mechanism in order to urge sensing finger 308 away from drum 286 when said viewer mechanism is not in reading position. The spring member 316 of the switch is made heavier than spring 314 so that when a reading is to be taken and it -is brought into position againstpise ton 312, it will urge said piston 312 toward the dru-m and -rfod 308sint'o aholeif one is available. 'If' a hole is available, as is Vshown in Fig. 16h, the switch including members-316-and318a will remain closed.- 1f. no hole; isV available, .as shown in Eig. 16a, the switch will open.` v"Ifile patterw of open and'elizased switches when; a reading is taken will indicate the number representedibythe :ounter,A vThe viewcr` mechanism inviewing posi-tion is reprev sented in Fig. 17 .showing its position .relativeto ,the drum 286 which is sectioned atfthelevel of the viewer mecl1a-A nism iingers 308. Theviewer mechanism action lisg-the same as that shown in Figs. 16a and l6b with the off-Fig.. 15. This. .mechanism 310'is advantageously ,an elongated yliar of dieleetricmaterial in which ,there are a pluralityE of cylindricalhousing cells 310:1, the axes of which are parallel toone another and lie in aiplane withinthe bar. InV this instance there ,are twenty ylinf ders within each of lwhich is a piston member 31:2 Which is fixed` to and aids in supporting one of thevsens'ing ngers. Spring member 314 tends to u rge thepiston 312: hence the md 308 away from drum 286. v In the position shown, the holes of row b of the units digits and row g of the tensdigits are opposite the viewer so that the,` number 6l is represented by this position of .lzuationy means with respect `to the viewer mechanism. The mwhnismflt) issupported in rectangular bracket members 320 and 322 at its opposite ends and the bracket members-are inturn supported upon plate members 324 and 326@ Theplate mem-bers are parallel and close spaced;.to..frameplate member 250 and 254 and are affixed thereto by pins 328, which permit sliding of the plates, `hence the viewer mechanism, relative to the frame in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the fingers 308. Rod 314 extends between the plates 324 and 326 to which said rod is perpendicular. Rod 374 is in turn attached in a manner similar to rods V166 and 168 in Figs. lf3 `toa lever arm. In this instance, however, the lever arm terminates in a cam follower which follows cam 332, asplanviewof whichis shown in Fig.` 14.

. Claujlg232` has. ten discontinuities betweenten spinal sur- ;faesi Since ihfil-Cd reduction from shaft 2,62, on. which it ismourited, toshaft 260, with which the viewer mecha? iu'. sru cooperates.is o'u.ly` 10: 1. Thus, shaft 262 has made only` 1A of ,arevoluztiom'instead of a whole revciluticmY ltvherpfthe;chart'gefover from one number, to anotherV ou thecalibration means 286 takes place. Said change-` over place every 1Ao-revolution of shaft 260 since calibratinmeans. 286 represents numbers. Thus, it mayY b e .seen that no matter what the speed of a rotating shaft, a cam may beem-ployed on it for following `the ae'tionof `viewer mechanism employed 'with a `,slime-riet',shaft.- tis`..even possible to use a cam on the .sameshaft as that observed by the viewer, but, among .other Vf, yculties yto be encountered as a result of this Y-oiilygojne hundredth of a revolution will :take

shoulders or discontinuities, thereby leiwingy wide opportunity for error. In zero setting the calibrateddrum, ythe function of cam 332 must be to vmaintain.such a position that its cam follower will be at the bottom of .any one of its shoulders.

Cam'fnjember 334 cooperates with the cam follower attachedto that viewer mechanism which cooperates, in turn, with thecalibration means on shaft 274. This cam follower and its coupling to the viewer mechanism may be essentially the same as that employed in Fig. 1 with the third shaft 40. In other words, the action of the cam follower in positioning the viewer mechanism cooperating with shaft 274 is referred back to the cam follower which cooperates with cam 332 for greater accuracy at points of in unison" change-over readings. This same action is again applied to the viewer mechanism cooperating with the third counting shaft, etc.

A modified form of the present invention provides a Counter which may be pre-set to count to any pre-selected Y23 the system illustrated and described requires rotation in only one direction if the pre-setting process is initiated from the zero position of the counter.

In the preferred pre-set version of the invention, the cam action for adjusting the position of the viewer mechanisms relative to the calibration means with which they cooperate is still necessary. For accuracy, it is necessary that the exact position be assumed 'bythe calibration means relative to Athe frame and relative to their viewer mechanisms so that, when the counter is pre-set, the viewer mechanisms are in.the positions they occupy when said number has been oountedout. lt is the position of the calibration means and the cam on the faster shaft ywhich is determinative of the 'position of the ,viewer mechanism relative to calibration means on the slower shaft. Accordingly, itis necessary in pre-setting to trst pre-set the calibration means and the cam on the fastest shaft to their correctl positions and then pre-set the 'calibration means and cams in the order of decreasing speeds of the shafts on which they are mounted; l' The frame and mounting structure employed with the 'modified counter structure of Fig. 13 may also be employed with'the preset counterv with but minor modications.V lvig. 419 shows schematically in perspective a frame fora counter employing Athe general mechanism "compoillustrated in Figs. 13-l7. Only a portion of those 'counting shafts which carry the cams is shown, and neither the'lJcalbration means nor the gear coupling between the shafts is shown. It is 'tobe understood, of that'a'll the calibration means must be aligned with thef cmsgas previously alluded to,i beforeaccurate operation 'of the counter is possible.' 'The viewer mechaschematically represented .by rectangular blocks, f'aidfsesg' lingers, switches and switch actuation means ,areInot illustrated at all becausetlieir location and operationrelative' to theviewer mechanismshave been fully basic'frame infthis instance consists of four parallel platemembe'rs 250, 254', 370 and 371. y These plates are of generally, square cross-section but areas of 'polatesf254 and 370 are cut away,i .Rigidly connecting theseA plates together are two segmented columns256 and .258.` The input drive .shaft 262is. mounted on plate 250. Counting shaft 260 is mounted between end plate 250 and .a plate 252 v(see Fig. 13), which is not shown in Fig. t9. Pla/tei 2524's narrowerthan plates 250 and254 in order to.. avoid interference. with "viewer mechanism 310". Diiveshaftit262js gear connected to counting shaft 260 adjacent p llalte. 250 and counting shaft 260 is, in turn, sl'tmimfl. w'tntrlshafttsee Fis- 13) between platt-n.252 and 254. `Cppn'ting shaft 274 is mounted to between plate 25,4 andla narrow plate, similar `to,..plate,252v between plates 254 and 370, and, finally. phat; 27,4 Vis gear connected to the slowest counting shaft (notshown) which is mounted to extend between plates 370.111191371- f l .,Yiewcr mechanisms schematically represented by boxes 31 0",.372a.nd 373 are slidably mounted between plates and 254, plates 254 and 370, and plates 370 and 371, respectively.' Viewer mechanism 310" is directly supportedV Vat its opposite ends by members 324' and 326' whichare slidably mounted on plates 254 and 250 respectively by pin means 328. The members are also connected by rod 374. Viewer mechanism 372 is directly supported at its opposite ends by members corresponding to plate members 324 and 326, one of which is member 375. These plate members are also connected together by rod 376. Viewer mechanism 373 is similarly directly supported at its opposite ends by plate members, one of which is plate 377, which are also connected together by rod 378.

Rod 374 is also fixed perpendicular to parallel lever arms 379 and 380. At their ends, these lever arms are, in turn, connected to axle 381. Axle 381 is then rotatlably lixed to the frame. Lever arm 379 extends beyond rod 374 and terminates in cam follower 379e which co operates with cam 332 which is mounted on drive shaft 262. Also connected to rod 374 by means of spring 382 is lever 383 which is, in turn, rotatably connected to pivoted plate 384. Handle 385, when pressed inward, depresses the edge of plate 384 which is attached to lever 383. Lever 383 thenl exerts a pull on rod 374 which brings cam follower 379e to bear on cam 332 and thus deter mines the position of viewer mechanism 310" with respect to the calibration means on shaft 260.

Rod 376 is similarly fixed perpindicular to parallel lever arms 386 and 387. At their ends these lever arms are, in turnnconnected to axle 388. Axle 388 is not xed to the frame but israther rotatably fixed to one end of each of two lever arms 389 and 390 which are terminated at their other end in axle 391. Axle 391 is rotatably mounted on the frame. A pin 392l mounted on lever arm 390 extends parallel to axles 388 and 391 across to extension 380e, which effectively provides a short lever arm at right angles to lever arm 380 and rigidly fixed thereto. The position of extension 380e determines the horizontal position of axle 388 by determining the position of lever 390. Lever arm 386 extends beyond rod 376 and terniinates in cam follower 386a which cooperates with cam 334. Also connected to rod 376 by means of spring 393 is lever 394 which is, in turn, rotatably connected tpivoted plate 395. Handle 396, when pressed inward, `depressesthe edge of plate 395, whichpisattached zo reverent? tgveriss: the-sj esemsipuu on 'god 376 which bringsV cam, follower 386e' to bear on cam 334' in a 'positinfintluenced.somewhatbyfcam 332 due interconnection of linkage systemsatpin 392,

' 'tinfof .theyic'w'erf 372 is determined ywith respect'tb the`7calibration means on shaft V274. j?, K

, Rod 378 is' also'xed. perpendicular to.,parallel:, le ver 'arms'1379and 398i, At their ends, these lever are, in tur'n,.`connected tofaxle 399. Axle 39.9 is notxed to the fame butjsrota'tably fixed to2 one end of eachnof two lever arms 400 and 401 which are terminated at, their otherfendin axle402,.. Axle402 is rozgtatably4 mounted on pin 403 on leverA arrn 400 extends parallel to axles 388 and. 391 across to extension`387a of leveijl arni 387, which extension lies outside :levervarm 339 an@ .Whihnwvdes a 811. leverarmat licht angles to lever .Jarm380 and, rigidly ixed thereto, ,The position 0f m0113819. .dwminsaathe horizontal. position. of .329e bY-Qdetermisnsfthe Position of leverwww ,afm-.3.97 extends-.bevind rod `378 .and terminates.- infm follower 3974, whichV cooperates, with cam ,404.1 Also wlmed t0 rdlry 'ineamf sprinsllf. .isdever 406 which.. it, rotatably connected. to riveted plate 407: Handle.` 508, whenfpressedinward, `the edge of plate401swhich is attaehedto level'v 406. Lever 406th@ exerts a pull 911. rod. .37.8 whichbrnsssam follower 397e to 4bearon carriA 404i!!V aposition intuenced somewhat by cani 334' due to the interconnection linkage systemmt pin 493.,.1I'hus, the position of viewerimecha- 3 72 Ais,dete rmine cl ,with respect to the calibration means with which itV cooperates.'

lf the structure of Fig. l9'is employed with a counter designed to perform in essentially the same manner as the counter of Figs. l,6 does, the handles 385 and 396 may be eliminated and plates 384, 395 and 407 connected togctherto be operated in unison by movement of handle 0;, 408. In this event, handle 408 would not be closed unless the counter were stopped. Upon stopping, movement of handle 408 would first cause all of the cam followers to contact their cams, and then, after the viewer mechanisms had been thus properly positioned, the sensing fingers would be caused to contact the drum Calibration means.

The frame of Fig. i9 as illustrated, however, is arranged for use as a pre-set counter which entails little more than changing the switches employed with the viewer mechanisms from the structure of Fig. 16a. In pre- -vf liglt -sclection in presetting a counter.

the digit-selections.

solellods and cooperating switches for each digit arc setting the calibration means on the fastest shaft, handle =B85'=i`srstdeptessed prior to rotation of the calibration 'ineens 286. Thus, the cam follower 379g is brought to 'bear von loam 332 and remains there during rotation of "the calibration means.

'lprcssei so fthat'cam follower 397:1 is brought to bear on cam 404 and remains there during rotation of the calilisation means. VThus, viewer mechanism 373 must be in .improper-position when its pre-selected digits are chosen.

' iustvas the sequence of positioning of the viewer mech- .ansmsTelatiye-fto their calibration means must be con- NM sbrlso, must there be control of the sequence Fig. 2O VShovlsfawtclay circuit for controlling the sequence of Although only eight of the ten shown, itt is to be understood that ten such combinations of elements are required for each dgit for use in the pre-settabie counter previously described. The solenoids andv switches in the group marked I are those inthe setting of the fastest shaft, such as shaft 260 in Pig. t9. Those in the group marked "H are the'sdlenoids and switches influencing the setting of the straft,y such as shaft 274 in Fig. 19. Those marked III are' the solenoidsand 'switches vlzuencmg thesetfig ofthe slowest of the three shafts. The lettczslfa'to h represent linger-switch assemblies indicating lttlmbers U-T, and the primed letters represent thecorresponding assemblies indicati-ng the larger of the two digits indicated by the calibration means on each shaft.4 Thus, in section I, the primed letters represent thv switches indicating' the tens digit; the unprimed, the switches indicating the hundreds digit. In section II the primed letters represent switches indicating the thousands digit; the unprmed, the switches indicating the hundreds digit. In section III the' primed letters mpreoentfr switches indicating they hundred thousands `dip't'r:tht-1funprinlet, the switches indicating the ten thousandstdigit; The pre-setting is pre-selected by closing msselcetion corresponding to switch 367, in series with Lsolenoid and an energy source for ech digit. -Eachselection switch isin series with a solenoid wmding. corresponding to winding 358 and an energy source;x mother words, the switches in series with the .solenoid winding.. like switch 357, are used to determine tllofnumber'selectcd foreach digit. The six digits are selected by closing six selection switches, each in series within diEcn'ent solenoid. Once the selection of the number has been made in this manner, switch 412 may be closed. This closing of switch 412 is' advantageously done by, and simultaneously with, the closing of handle 385. Thereafter, the potential from battery 414 will causef allow of current through the solenoid of the tens digitv number earlier selected by closing its selection switch. The solenoid will, in turn, exert a pull on its associated spring member, corresponding to member 350. When under this urging of the spring its associated sensing linger nds its hole in the calibration means, the relay switch,l corresponding to switch 361, will be closed, thereby enabling a flow of current from battery 416 to the solenoid winding in series with the selection switch cIosed in'sele'cting a number for the units digit. As the calibration'mcans is rotated, the units digit finger will find its hole therein and permit the closing of its relay switch. The closingA of said relay switch should permit energizing of the solenoid corresponding to the selected thousands digit; in going frdiii section I to 'section n, the switches employed 'with the fine-'sr' shaft and next fastest shaft, respectively, it is well to supply a switch 418 which is' not closed until the closing of lever 392. Once switch 418 is closed, and the ,'viEwr means in position, the thousands digit solenoid previously selected will [ac cnergiz'ed, thereby urging` its associated sensing nger 'toward the viewer mechanism. Upon this lingers its hole, the thousands 'digit relay switch The selected hundreds solenoid will then be battery 422 and act to urge inward its sensing finger. When this sensing lingerV closes ,its associated relay switch, battery 326W' not be able to 'ner'gize the solenoid Correspondiiig 'tomthe' selected Ahuntir'ed thousands digit became '424 is lopen.4 However, as the handle 408 is switch 424 is closed, thereby permitting continatoiiof the The battery 326 the pr-se' ected hundred thousands digit solenoid, and,V when itsonesponng sensing linger finds its liole and permits its relay to close, the pte-selected'ten thousands digit solenoid will be encrgizdtlns the last .finger into its proper hole thereby finally 'positioning ythe calibration means. Il' a drive motor 430 is employed to' cal'ise rotation of 296, when final Ariger enters its proper hole, it' jre'lyrswi'tch to permit a serenata 432 ieieefgzd by battery 434. energize-u solenoid fllt/ill' llitcl'', therby-std1ipir'ig rtirive motorizado-"jm 'Y 'y Figs. zwane-21H snee psteeiectri nre-pennen indicator lauch as memplyec't with api-eser counter'. This alignment f heile? Pili ineniliers dmtciliv' the shafts 370';v S72' hleinramcfiiiW- bers. Per 1134 anfassen@ fare mounted on"I sfliaitts M5372 and 374', rfe each' provided "vii'tlfftsliallllil'e ,434' 436i, rspeetively, n a' hairs',- assitmigltheshans u, be xocae nietig-uic 'sans asis. Frameinemuersmatically pla-tes' 433' and also be provided with holes 458e ndwmrscc'tvely, withv whites aeresvflfinj nets nestigaed'wh'enthe shafts aangespannen 'of 'the dists are schematic, ao inintzt on a shan far may sflrogderrwirh notes which flicitant presiden that" the bersarestswliefem atmer'seisef ritenute. only wheeler-e nrssazs, 'Gaaf-asta, 43st; are ma are angliae-is me 'when the soies atenei his sin' metteurs@ 442,- wh'ich :issliia'plidieegyiby 4:44,ahle'to pass :nautisme sagten f 44s. Bam-aya# 'may be ihefnotrrr coupled to the A ditere'nt scheme f'feingthe' switchV 450' in the circuit ofmttr'lfisfs'liwi vinfI-"igf in which metal shafts 370f',312'"'ad37 each carry a pair of disks. one disk 4.62, men-11m sferica pair is non-conductive except fora s'nia'll segiiient of its periphery 4621:, 464e and 466e, respectively,` which se'g'ments'are eonductively connected to the lri'etl shaft. Brushes ride on the periphery of each 'I lz'e'biuslics riding on disks 458 and 466 areconnected together by lead 468. The brushes riding on .disltsv456 and 464 are connected together by lead 470; And the brushes' riding on disks 460 and 462 are connected together by lead 472 through battery 472' and solenoid 474. The solenoid 474 actuates the' switchv 450 to opn'said switch and stop the motor wheli'th'e circuit is completed through the various pairs of disks, whe all thee conductive' sc'g'meits" in disks 462, 464 and 466 contact their brushes at the same time. The position of the shafts relative to the frame at which this occurs may be thezero position by proper location of the conductive segments 462a, 464a and 466a.

Fig. 23 illustrates an arrangement, alternative to that of Fig. 6, for use with counters which employ discrete stopping points and a fixed viewer mechanism in cooperation with the fastest counting shaft. A disk member 476 with teeth 476a in its edge is mounted on the fastest counting shaft 480. A magnt`47 having a pair of pole faces, each `of which has teeth 478a thereon, is arranged with its teeth parallel to the teeth on disk 476. The shape of the poles conforms to the shape of wheel like disk 476 so that the teeth 476a on the disk and teeth 478a on the magnet'are close spaced. If lthe magnet is fixedV relative to the frame, the disk will tend to come to rest so that teeth 476e are directly opposite teeth 478e because such a position offers a ux path of lower magnetic reluctance than other positions. Use of an appropriate number of teeth, together with proper arrangement of the teeth relative to the shaft, will limit the stopping point of the shaft to a selected number of discrete positions. The magnet 478 may be either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.

It will be apparentfrom the foregoing descriptions that a counter of -the present invention may employ any number of counting shafts.. Counters employing three shafts, each of `which has one hundred positions, are widely useful because of their ability to count to 1,000,000 units. In some applications, however, even single shaft counters have suliicient capacity to be useful. A version of the present invention employing only two counting shafts 500 and'502 is shown in Fig. 24. These shafts are advantageously coupled together to rotate in opposite directions andto give a ratio of speed of 100:1 withshaft 502 being the faster. ,Although it is not shown, it is advantageous to supply diskl504 -at its outer periphery with teeth which mesh with 4teetlro'n shaft 502 to give the desired speed ratio. Near oneedge, the planar surface of disk calibration means I.,504 and. 506 are numbered from 00 to 99. This numbering on'disk504 is aigranged in a circular patlmlw'ith Ithe-top .of each number adiacent the edge of the disk. Thenumberingon disk 5064, on theother hand, is arranged in a spiral the rightside ofthe units digit falwaysneare'sttlregedge ofthe Disk 506l is placed in from of.ainjstmfanav paraauypvenapgdnk 504. A

spiral window S08. is provided 506 immediately adjacent andginsivdethenumbering thereon. The dish are arrangedso. that thenumbers on disk 504 may be seen through window 503 and read as the thousands and hundreslsiits cfa-four digit number. Since the slower shaft moves one hundredth of a revolution in one revolution of theaster shaft, the radius of the spiral window shonened-{orlengthened depending on the directionof the operationLthe distance of linear movement of number on disk 504 in H revolution. Since the numbers this instance are visually read, the lviewer in this instance is a rectangularwindow 510 in cover 512 which advantageously corresponds to the frame of previ ously described counters, relative to which frame the shafts move. 'This window 510 is arranged along that radius of disk 506 along which the numbers on disk 504 may be seen through cam-like window 508. The window is long enough to accommodate six digits in order to permit the effective two digit shift which occurs by virtue of the apparent movement of both cam-lke window 508 and the calibrations on disk 506. Although window 510 is not made movable in this case. it is possible to insure that the number calibrations on disk 506 will always be squarely opposite said window by use of a sort of ratchet interconnection between its shaft and the housing which permits stopping of disk 506 only in those positions where its calibrations are squarely opposite window 510.

Many modifications of the present invention within the scope of the claims will occur to those skilled in the art. For instance, the calibration means may be varied as to code, as to structural form and as to its action in cooperation with the viewer mechanism. Many codes other than binary and decimal codes are possible and may be used to advantage under various conditions. A different number of units may be employed in calibratng counting shafts. It is usually preferable to calibrate each shaft with a number of units numbering some multiple of ten, preferably 100, because of the relative ease of decoding the readings of such a counter, but the invention is not` limited to counters calibrated in this manner. .Itis even possible to use different numbers of units in cahbrating the various shafts in a counter of the present invention, but, in each instance, the number of units of the slower shaft must be either the number of times the speed is reduced (ratio of speed reduction with respect to one)or some even multiple or quotient thereof in order forytheqcam action to be effective. The structural form ofallA calibration means described by the claims is intended ltube within the scope of this invention. The action of the calibration means is dependent upon howthe reading-is to be taken, e. g., by sight, by electrical signalr-ete. ,Variousjmodilications of viewer mechanisms for reading thecounter are intended to be within the scope of this4 invention.

This invention is not limited tofanyype of power input method. yVarious types of ratchet couplings, as well as all sorts of directcouplings,A maytbe'employed with the presentinvention. For instance,I it 'n.possible to employ a ratchet input coupling with preferredformsof the present invention for the purpose of recording countsoccurring in pulses rather than at uniformlyspaced intervals; Sucharatchet device maybe operated with low power due to, the, lightness and vfrictionless smoothness possible with the present counter. -Whenusing a ratchet input, itis` possible to` keep-the cam followers ,int reading. positioni-and l iave them interconnected .with the ratchet system 4solthat the followetsywill; be `liftedfduring operationofitheratchet. VI, f. f "it f In-general, it may be said that'this invention applies to structures employing camming action tocause a viewer mechanism to follow a calibration on a calibration means in accordance withthe following claims. f.' 1- lplaim: f. f j :i tin.; an.. l. A prefsettable counter comprising a shaft rotatably mounted rla-tiveto,a frame,=,calibratione means om-the shaft to represent -rr 1 different; numbers; 'said calibratio1ij-meansproviding ,a plurality ofgnnular pattel-ns, each pattermconsisting. of pealcand valley areas,

the annular patterns being arrangeable. intogroupc such that a valley is providedat everycalibratiom point .by one of the patterns of the group andsuch thata rst group is composed of annular patterns each ofwhich has: only one elongated valley and annular patterns' iin'. subsequent groups may have;a pluralityof valleys butmot more than one valley per pattern awithin the limits ofianyvalley of a previous group, thel final group 'having valleys of a length i which relativelysnugly accommodate .rtsensing linger,

said valleys being centered at the n cahbmtion points, a viewer mechanism comprising groups of sensing lingers corresponding` to the groups of annular patterns .andarranged to oppose said annular patterns, actuation means for each finger for. urging its associated nger toward the calibration means such that when a linger enters a valley area which is so bounded by peak areas that said sensing linger limits the angle of rotation permitted by the length of the valley portion containing the linger, selection switches for energizing the actuation means and zero indicating means which indicates when the calibration means is in zero position relative to the frame.

2. A structure in accordance with claim l in which the viewer mechanism is movable over l/n revolution, n being the number of calibrations, means causing the viewer mechanism to be positioned squarely opposite a given calibration over l/n revolution of the shaft, 

